Reconstruction

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  In South Carolina, 21 year old male ran into a black church and went on a killing spree killing many innocent lives.
• During reconstruction black men were in the senate
• Even now we are still affected by the collapse of reconstruction
• When black men were allowed to enter the Army, 180,000 former black male slaves rose to the occasion
• The role of black soldiers was important to ensure the end of slavery in the war
• Reconstruction is the process in which American society tried to come to terms and unionize all people after slavery
• They needed to define what a citizen was
• The north and the south saw reconstruction differently
• The south didn't agree with the north even after they lost the war
• Abraham Lincoln suggested that some black men deserved the right to vote
• And John Wilkes Booth assassinated him after that speech
• Hours after Lincolns death Andrew Johnson was sworn in 
  
  
  
• He was a southern democrat and that the civil war came from the rich plantation owners
• Andrew Johnson was not supportive of black people
• The freedmans borough had not a lot of money but instead had a lot of land
• In 1866 a journalist was a south civilization that defended itself from the norths aggression a sentiment that was memorized and favored in the south
• Many white southerners did not want to fight for the confederacy until after the war when they needed to unify
• In November 1865 a Mississippi government that Andrew Johnson set a bunch of racist laws known as the black code
  
  
  
• Every black adult was forced to sign a yearly labor contract or they would have to pay a fine, and then get sold off and work off the fine
• These white people could take black children and say that that they could train them up and make then valuable laborers and black people couldn't do anything about it
• The KKK was created in 1866 in Tennessee and they did the exact same thing the slave patrols did
• They made sure black people are doing labor, not getting too rich, not gaining too much land
• The republican congress was taking over Johnson and they passed the civil rights act of 1866
• Many of the people who were committing the violence were known by the victims
• It took the army 3 days to regain control memphis and every black school and home was burned down
• 48 people were killed and all but 2 were black
• Many northern states didn't allow black men to vote, the south thought this was hypocrisy and the government didn't know what they wanted to do
• The 1868 election was a very important election, black voters were being attacked and killed while trying to vote
• Half a million black men casted their vote and Ulysses S Grant ended up winning because of that
• Many black men were elected to office afterwards, and were given more rights

Eoto Reaction 3

   

The Montgomery bus boycott started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus. She was not the first to do this but as an activist she was the most renowned. She ended up suing Montgomery and the African Americans decided to boycott but creating their own transport system. Colored riders made up of 70% of bus riders so the city lost a good amount of shares. When Parks’ lawsuit reached the Supreme Court, they decided that this reinforced the Brown V Board of Education case. The Freedom rides followed and they were riders who rode buses through the south by not boarding their respected segregated busses. They were continuously beaten and abused by many southerners until change was finally forced. The Little Rock Nine were 9 kids who were the first to integrate public schools. They were abused and attacked by students and parents alike and they were forced to have soldiers guarding them throughout the school time.

 The Voting Rights Act protected minority voters from harassment and intimidation. This led to increased voter registration, saved lives, and was the catalyst for the greater Civil Rights movement in the 1960s. The March on Washington for jobs and freedom was a march that demanded the end of racism job discrimination. Over 250,000 people marched with majority of them being African American. This march hosted the famous I Have a Dream speech from Martin Luther King Jr which was only on of its speeches and speakers. This led to the beginning of the Civil Rights Act as well as the Voting Rights Act.

The stand in the schoolhouse door was an act of resistance against desegregation. George Wallace blocked 2 black African American students from entering the University of Alabama. He was the democratic governor of Alabama and was eventually forced to move by JFK. Another racist event was the 16th street Baptist church bombing. On Sep 15, 1963, Klan members planted a bomb that injured 23 people and killed 4 little girls. Many protests were held afterwards and this bomb wasn’t unexpected, there were 50 bombings in 50 years which is number much larger than what it needs to be. The KKK also kidnapped and killed 3 men who were organizing black boycotts and increasing black voter registration. Over 700 other volunteers joined them in their fight for freedom. A massive search was conducted and eventually their bodies were all found dead. The Orangeburg massacre was a protest in which students started a bonfire and were throwing rocks at the police. One hit a police and then they all began to fire into the crowd killing 3 and wounding 28. The students were claimed to be armed and the press neglected and falsified the events. One of the biggest events to happen was the assassination of MLK. He was shot by James Earl Ray and his death sparked violent outbreaks across the entire nation with over 40 deaths and significant damage. There was a public day of mourning the day after and over 100,000 mourners were at his funeral.

Univ of Cali V Bakke Sp Court

     
    

Greetings ladies and Gentlemen of the court, your honor. As you already know we are gathered here to argue the case of Mr. Bakke and the University of California. What you may not know though, is the impact of these 16 black seats have more potential to raise America's economy than just one white man. In this era, the 1970's it's been stated by law that black people are citizens of America. So why must we continue to exclude them from the  American economy? Since the 1960s, black people have had a continuous increase in professional jobs, this trend will only continue to increase as we weave them more into the American economy. To abolish the 16 seats that stand as opportunity for the black community is working backwards for the social change and for our economy. We have just passed through inflation and war as a country, these two things are known to dismantle the economy and heavily impact finances. Our actions now should not be to limit the sources of income, but instead expand the range of things the country can profit from. By having these reserved seats, minorities of all races could have an opportunity to contribute and bridge the gap between the white economy and the minority economy. We do not have the liberty to be separate any longer, it has been proven time and time again that we must be unified if we plan to make any progress as a country. 

    Just a few years ago in 1972 the Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act was passed which made Sickle Cell Anemia become diagnosable and treatable in federally established clinics. For those who may not know this is a disease that affects people mainly of African descent. I bring this up because this disease was known to be a problem since 1910, but because there was a gap between blacks and whites not just legally or socially but economically, it was forgotten. The reality of the matter was that doctors didn't know much about it, so it was left alone for many years. In 1971 The Black Panther Party decided to educate themselves and clinics they ran on the disease which was a year before the Act was passed. This may seem irrelevant but what this an example of a disease that affects only minorities in America. By giving opportunities to more minorities there could be more breakthroughs in medicine and genetics that affect the American people. It's a simple formula, the more people that are alive and healthy, then the more people that are able to work and advance the country and its economy. The medical field specifically is a field that we cannot allow to stay separate for this reason, for the reason that information and medicine play the biggest part in the American economy.

    If you take anything away from this court today, it should be that America cannot function with only one leg, and that if we plan to progress along our journey as a nation we must allow opportunity and community to all of out citizens.    

    

Brown V Board Reaction

     4 states including Kansas that mandated public schools must be separate but equal between black schools and white schools. The African Americans come to challenge the phrase separate but equal and it violates the spirit of the law and it should be overturned.

   

For the side of Brown, every human being was created equally in the name of god. Separating children by the color of their skin holds back the potential of many. The phrase separate but equal is separate without the part of equality. It makes no sense to try to unify a country when the children are taught they are different and separate from a young age. African Americans have been useful in the war and even held high positions in the military, if they are equal during war time then why aren’t they equal in society? African Americans are not being given the opportunity the be educated and literate, by teaching the kids in the same school system American society will have more resources and unity. By not wasting funds on multiple schools for different colors, the finances can be allocated elsewhere. By teaching African Americans in integrated schools they are able to get better education and thus a higher paying job. White students benefit from desegregation because their connections and customers increase which allows for a higher economic return. The Civil Rights law of 1866 defined what a citizen should be, and it paved the way for the 14th amendment. The separate but equal clause violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment because the facilities of African Americans are not equal to their white counterparts. African Americans should not receive any less of an eduction just because of the facilities they have are lesser. The argument for equal opportunities for African Americans has been mentioned in the past and it will always be mentioned until true equality between races is achieved.

   

For the side of the Board of Education, the separate but equal clause affects the white population of well. In order for African Americans to increase their school facilities they must pull their weight and contribute more to taxes just like the white people are doing because that is true equality. They have the ability to gain a higher paying job and create a bountiful community because to been shown with The Black Wall-street of Oklahoma. It is the community taxes that go towards the school facilities so it is in their hands to increase their facilities and the same goes for the white people. Black Wallstreet was destroyed because a black man attacked a white woman in Oklahoma and that warranted a revolt. If a single black person could destroy the entire working class of the entire race, integrating will only bring danger to the rest of society. They are uninformed and uneducated and need to gain more knowledge before integrating into white society. The African Americans were given right after right, and they had opportunities to advance and catch up to the whites but they would rather keep fighting for more than to realize that what they have is the same things the white people have. It should be obvious that putting black people into an aggressive white society will only repeat the violence and dangers of history and that is not productive for the American society. The Bible claims that what god has seperate thy shall not enjoy together and vise versa. African Americans are the subservient race, and integrating would disrupt the divine order of race. If we do not support same gender marriage which disrupts the order set by Adam and Eve, why must we support the splicing of races which upsets the divine order? It has already been shown that separate but equal does not violate the equal protection clause in previous cases such as the Topeka case. From these past cases it has already been proven that the Kansas education system is equal, to overturn this case would be a major decision that won’t be the right one. The doctrine is not the problem, it is the execution and the execution is decided by the city. Upholding the doctrine and holding the city accountable is the right thing to do by the law. 

   

The judge summarizes, that the country is moving towards desegregation and African Americans slowly gain the same rights as African Americans. Certain norms customs and traditions are outdated and are moving on, and this is just far beyond schools such as transportation, entertainment, and more importantly the military. How can we expect African Americans to put their lives on the line for the country, and then treat them as second class citizens. It is also more efficient to pay for one quality school system, versus two quality school systems. In integrated communities there is less crime, less prison, more income, and are more affordable for not just the African Americans but the whites as well. If the schools had the same textbooks, teaching ability, and course material then the seperate but equal clause can be applied. Now for the state, Kansas rejects the claim that schools are not equal. This law affects whites and blacks alike, and the facilities aren’t an evil scheme. It’s just reality that the low income black community cannot provide enough tax dollars to increase their school facilities and it is shown elsewhere that they are not limited to making low income. The cause of the Tulsa race riot was because of the black success and if we integrate that can only happen on a larger scale. Change must be slow and steady and not sped up, and besides the god fearing judge was asked if he planned to disrupt the divine order. 4 other cases came out of the same state and they were all shown to be rejected, and the state of Kansas won all of them. All these cases are the same in nature, and this should be no different. The court decides that Brown has won the case.

The Birth Of A Nation

 
   The film The Birth of A Nation is a film made by D.W. Griffith was released on February 8, 1915. It is based on Thomas Dixon's novel The Clansman. This film was highly controversial due to the depictions of the African Americans, as well as the depictions of the Ku Klux Klan. It was unique because while having a cast of more than 10,000 people it managed to get so many historical events inaccurate. Naturally you would think that a movie of its caliber would fail, but that was quite the opposite. In fact it was so gross and dramatized that the NAACP filed to get the film banned or censored because of its defamation of the African American race. Of course they failed to do so and the movie went on to become one of the most famous movies in history.

    In the movie you see events such as Abraham Lincoln's death, the Civil War, and the Reconstruction era. Even while depicting these historical events Griffith decided to warp history and make a powerful story about the poor whites and the rising of the Ku Klux Klan. African Americans were depicted as monsters and criminals

with the sole purpose of passing laws so they can prey on innocent white women. They were uncivilized and needed to be restrained because every second they ran free, they were a danger. The worst part is that at the time, this is what Griffith as well as many other racist white people genuinely believed. This was their correct depiction of history and since then it has been debunked for obvious reasons. Now despite being extremely bigoted and racist, the film was of a great production for its time, having never before seen camera angles and a cast that pushed the boundaries of what could be defined as a movie. The goal of this movie from the jump was to be something big, something eye-catching almost like a real retelling of history.

    

    

The Ku Klux Klan in this movie were known as righteous heroes, saviors, and guardians. There was a very specific scene that showed a former slave owner's home being under siege by freed African Americans because his son was a part of the Klan. The part that is harrowing is that he is holding his adult daughter by her hair and he is threatening them with her life as if their main purpose is to attack and rape his daughter. This of course is avoiding the obvious problem of him thinking that killing his daughter himself was a better fate than being left with the brutish savages the movie portrays. The Klan goes around shooting innocent black people trying to vote, as well as protecting and getting revenge for their women and all of this is done in "defense". This depiction of the Ku Klux Klan is what everyone at the time was able to see and they believed it wholeheartedly, and it's what empowered the white people around to bring about the second emergence of the Ku Klux Klan.

EOTO Reaction

    The positives of the reconstruction start with forty acres and a mule. There was an order placed that stated 400,000 acres of land would be given to freed African American families. This was meant to establish their own economic independence, and how it could be land to themselves and not have to face discrimination and hate. This land was taken from the wealthy confederates, the very land the African Americans used to work on and was given to them to help establish their place. The freedmen's bureau was established by congress in 1865, in order to help black slaves and poor whites following the end of the Civil War. They provided things like food, housing, medical aid, education, etc. They set up offices on 15 southern and border states and it followed the War Department's record keeping system which held labor contracts, letters, marriage, and hospital registers. It was brought to a close for not enough funds, but the impact it had on the slaves was hope, and a belief that they can survive on their own.

The reconstruction Amendments are the 13th amendment which abolished slavery, the 14th amendment which granted equal protection laws, and the 15th amendment which was the right to vote for black men. This big reconstruction was brought on by the abolitionists who were petitioning to continue where Lincoln was unfortunately not able to finish. African Americans were even able to be elected to the house of representatives. Joseph Hayne Rainey was the first African American to serve and preside over the House of Representatives. He advocated for the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 and the Civil Rights act of 1875 which served as protection for the black community. The Civil Rights act of 1875 was first introduces in 1870 by senator Charles Sumner, and it guaranteed all citizens, regardless of skin color, accommodations and the right to be included in jury duty. The bill was passed in February 27th, 1985 and became law on March 1st, 1875.

    The negatives of the reconstruction era first introduced the assassination of president Lincoln. He died April 15, 1865 in Ford's Theatre in Washington DC. His death caused national grief and halted the possibility of peace and threw the government into disarray. He was an important figure in history and was the main driving force behind the goal of reconstruction, he believed that reuniting the country was a priority. Andrew Johnson ascended to presidency and was harder on the south than Lincoln, and that allowed the south to regress instead of progress. The black codes where enacted due to Andrew Johnsons plan of reconstruction. The southern governments enacted a plethora of codes to limit black peoples success and to create a system similar to slavery. Of course white men would take advantage of these laws and force them into work that they should not have to due to debt peonage which was illegal. There were also laws that violated whites rights to increase wages to black people just to keep black people from being able to live on their own. The Ku Klux Klan started as a social club that turned into a powerful force in the south. Their goal was the reverse and prevent any progress black people may have made in the past. 10% of the black legislation were attacked and 7 black members were killed.

South Carolina was the state with the highest concentration of Ku Klux Klan members, and they would even go as far as to lynch prisoners already facing punishment for crimes they may not have even committed. The problem was, that they were hidden in plain sight, with white people all around there was no way to tell who was a member and who wasn't a member. The New Orleans Riots took place on July 30, 1866 which was preceded by the Memphis riot of 1866. Town sheriffs shot into mobs of black veterans which were not just protests and it led to 38 deaths in which 34 were black. The civil rights cases of 1883 was a series of 5 supreme court cases that ruled the 13th and 14th amendments did not allow congress to prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals. This affirmed that the government could not interfere with discrimination that was in non public places which means that it was still very much at large. It undermined the governments power and made the 13th and 14th amendment seem as if they didn't matter in the eyes of the people who were still finding ways through and around the laws.

Plessy v Ferguson

    Greetings ladies and gentlemen of the court, your honor. When it comes to the case of the respondent our side coins the phrase "separate but equal". This phrase can be applied to the most important aspects of life. America's economy is a major priority, as its what is keeping this country self-sufficient. Separating the races does not make either side any more important than the other, or any more successful than the other. An example of a successful black economy would be the black wall street of Galveston Texas. This Wall Street opened many successful businesses, monuments, and educational resources for African Americans. This stands as solid proof of the contribution and equal opportunities black people can take advantage of. 

    Now I assume the petitioner’s argument will speak along the lines of integration allowing for a more competitive market which in turn will boost our economy or that separate facilities are too costly.

Frankly, if blacks and whites start integrating, we all know that won't end well for the safety and security of the people of America. But speaking strictly of economics, forcing two races into a place of business can cause tension, and therefore scare off and frighten customers. Naturally, this isn't good for business, and instead having separate businesses and institutions stands to be the best way to gain profit and customers. One also must take into account the cost of accommodations to fit an integrated race society, increasing sizes of local governments and businesses weigh a pricey burden that will then put our country into an economic hole. Trying to force such stark change from the society we currently live in is bound to shake the country and put us at risk for an economic collapse. 

    Stepping away from businesses for a moment, just the simple idea of integration itself threatens the stability of the social hierarchy. Many people may not know this but drastically changing the social order leads to reduced investments, and constant quarrels that can hinder economic growth and simply cause more work for the judicial system. 

       Now speaking from a more positive point a view, the separation of races allows for a more specific allocation of resources.

These demographics are different, so it is possible to have different business for different races that all thrive the same which in turn boosts our economy. By already catering to specific demographics these businesses and local governments can more accurately follow trends and push out new products or policies that help our countries financial situation. Ladies and gentlemen wars are expensive as most of you may know, and it's not just wars that are costly, its smaller scale fights as well. Destruction of public property must be paid for and fixed by the government and over time these small disputes will become deadly to the economy of America. Tensions are still unbelievably high between not just races but between people's beliefs on how our country should make its profit. What we don't need right now is another divide that will put us into a deeper hole. After all, we just finished pouring money in the form of investments in our railroads and still need more time to get more returns on that. To bring this argument to a close, one can simply say our economy is better off with the separation of races because integration is too costly for what it's worth.