Reconstruction

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  In South Carolina, 21 year old male ran into a black church and went on a killing spree killing many innocent lives.
• During reconstruction black men were in the senate
• Even now we are still affected by the collapse of reconstruction
• When black men were allowed to enter the Army, 180,000 former black male slaves rose to the occasion
• The role of black soldiers was important to ensure the end of slavery in the war
• Reconstruction is the process in which American society tried to come to terms and unionize all people after slavery
• They needed to define what a citizen was
• The north and the south saw reconstruction differently
• The south didn't agree with the north even after they lost the war
• Abraham Lincoln suggested that some black men deserved the right to vote
• And John Wilkes Booth assassinated him after that speech
• Hours after Lincolns death Andrew Johnson was sworn in 
  
  
  
• He was a southern democrat and that the civil war came from the rich plantation owners
• Andrew Johnson was not supportive of black people
• The freedmans borough had not a lot of money but instead had a lot of land
• In 1866 a journalist was a south civilization that defended itself from the norths aggression a sentiment that was memorized and favored in the south
• Many white southerners did not want to fight for the confederacy until after the war when they needed to unify
• In November 1865 a Mississippi government that Andrew Johnson set a bunch of racist laws known as the black code
  
  
  
• Every black adult was forced to sign a yearly labor contract or they would have to pay a fine, and then get sold off and work off the fine
• These white people could take black children and say that that they could train them up and make then valuable laborers and black people couldn't do anything about it
• The KKK was created in 1866 in Tennessee and they did the exact same thing the slave patrols did
• They made sure black people are doing labor, not getting too rich, not gaining too much land
• The republican congress was taking over Johnson and they passed the civil rights act of 1866
• Many of the people who were committing the violence were known by the victims
• It took the army 3 days to regain control memphis and every black school and home was burned down
• 48 people were killed and all but 2 were black
• Many northern states didn't allow black men to vote, the south thought this was hypocrisy and the government didn't know what they wanted to do
• The 1868 election was a very important election, black voters were being attacked and killed while trying to vote
• Half a million black men casted their vote and Ulysses S Grant ended up winning because of that
• Many black men were elected to office afterwards, and were given more rights

Eoto Reaction 3

   

The Montgomery bus boycott started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus. She was not the first to do this but as an activist she was the most renowned. She ended up suing Montgomery and the African Americans decided to boycott but creating their own transport system. Colored riders made up of 70% of bus riders so the city lost a good amount of shares. When Parks’ lawsuit reached the Supreme Court, they decided that this reinforced the Brown V Board of Education case. The Freedom rides followed and they were riders who rode buses through the south by not boarding their respected segregated busses. They were continuously beaten and abused by many southerners until change was finally forced. The Little Rock Nine were 9 kids who were the first to integrate public schools. They were abused and attacked by students and parents alike and they were forced to have soldiers guarding them throughout the school time.

 The Voting Rights Act protected minority voters from harassment and intimidation. This led to increased voter registration, saved lives, and was the catalyst for the greater Civil Rights movement in the 1960s. The March on Washington for jobs and freedom was a march that demanded the end of racism job discrimination. Over 250,000 people marched with majority of them being African American. This march hosted the famous I Have a Dream speech from Martin Luther King Jr which was only on of its speeches and speakers. This led to the beginning of the Civil Rights Act as well as the Voting Rights Act.

The stand in the schoolhouse door was an act of resistance against desegregation. George Wallace blocked 2 black African American students from entering the University of Alabama. He was the democratic governor of Alabama and was eventually forced to move by JFK. Another racist event was the 16th street Baptist church bombing. On Sep 15, 1963, Klan members planted a bomb that injured 23 people and killed 4 little girls. Many protests were held afterwards and this bomb wasn’t unexpected, there were 50 bombings in 50 years which is number much larger than what it needs to be. The KKK also kidnapped and killed 3 men who were organizing black boycotts and increasing black voter registration. Over 700 other volunteers joined them in their fight for freedom. A massive search was conducted and eventually their bodies were all found dead. The Orangeburg massacre was a protest in which students started a bonfire and were throwing rocks at the police. One hit a police and then they all began to fire into the crowd killing 3 and wounding 28. The students were claimed to be armed and the press neglected and falsified the events. One of the biggest events to happen was the assassination of MLK. He was shot by James Earl Ray and his death sparked violent outbreaks across the entire nation with over 40 deaths and significant damage. There was a public day of mourning the day after and over 100,000 mourners were at his funeral.

Univ of Cali V Bakke Sp Court

     
    

Greetings ladies and Gentlemen of the court, your honor. As you already know we are gathered here to argue the case of Mr. Bakke and the University of California. What you may not know though, is the impact of these 16 black seats have more potential to raise America's economy than just one white man. In this era, the 1970's it's been stated by law that black people are citizens of America. So why must we continue to exclude them from the  American economy? Since the 1960s, black people have had a continuous increase in professional jobs, this trend will only continue to increase as we weave them more into the American economy. To abolish the 16 seats that stand as opportunity for the black community is working backwards for the social change and for our economy. We have just passed through inflation and war as a country, these two things are known to dismantle the economy and heavily impact finances. Our actions now should not be to limit the sources of income, but instead expand the range of things the country can profit from. By having these reserved seats, minorities of all races could have an opportunity to contribute and bridge the gap between the white economy and the minority economy. We do not have the liberty to be separate any longer, it has been proven time and time again that we must be unified if we plan to make any progress as a country. 

    Just a few years ago in 1972 the Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act was passed which made Sickle Cell Anemia become diagnosable and treatable in federally established clinics. For those who may not know this is a disease that affects people mainly of African descent. I bring this up because this disease was known to be a problem since 1910, but because there was a gap between blacks and whites not just legally or socially but economically, it was forgotten. The reality of the matter was that doctors didn't know much about it, so it was left alone for many years. In 1971 The Black Panther Party decided to educate themselves and clinics they ran on the disease which was a year before the Act was passed. This may seem irrelevant but what this an example of a disease that affects only minorities in America. By giving opportunities to more minorities there could be more breakthroughs in medicine and genetics that affect the American people. It's a simple formula, the more people that are alive and healthy, then the more people that are able to work and advance the country and its economy. The medical field specifically is a field that we cannot allow to stay separate for this reason, for the reason that information and medicine play the biggest part in the American economy.

    If you take anything away from this court today, it should be that America cannot function with only one leg, and that if we plan to progress along our journey as a nation we must allow opportunity and community to all of out citizens.